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If you transfer a user’s settings using USMT into a client that they already have a profile in, what will happen?

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In the config.xml file, you can create merge rules for your data.  Below is an example of the xml code for a merge rule.  You can read the complete article from Microsoft here.
<merge script>="MigXmlHelper.DestinationPriority()"> 
<objectSet> 
<pattern type="file">c:\data\* [*]<pattern> 
</objectSet> 
</merge>

During ScanState, all the files will be added to the store.

During LoadState, only C:\Data\SampleA.txt will be restored.
 
 
<merge script>="MigXmlHelper.SourcePriority()"> 
<objectSet> 
<pattern type="file">c:\data\* [*]<pattern> 
</objectSet> 
</merge>

During ScanState, all the files will be added to the store.

During LoadState, all the files will be restored (overwriting the existing files on the destination computer).
 
 
<merge script>="MigXmlHelper.SourcePriority()"> 
<objectSet> 
<pattern type="file">c:\data\ [*]<pattern> 
</objectSet> 
</merge>

During ScanState, all the files will be added to the store.

During LoadState, the following will occur:

  • C:\Data\SampleA.txt will be restored.
  • C:\Data\SampleB.txt will be restored (overwriting the existing file on the destination computer).
  • C:\Data\Folder\SampleB.txt will not be restored.
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